The AMALTHEA and AMALTHEA4public ITEA projects are part of a 'string of
pearls' in the automotive domain; successes that have pushed this domain into the next phase of its
development.
Modelling the dynamic software architecture of embedded real-time systems
AUTOSAR, a result from the former ITEA project EAST-EEA, defined a
methodology for component-based
development
of automotive software and a standardised software architecture for automotive electronic control units.
However, AUTOSAR offered only limited support for detailed behaviour descriptions, which are indispensable
for developing much more complex multi-core systems of high quality. Those require an increased exchange
between tools. Especially multi-core optimisation relies on additional information like detailed timing
behaviour.
The ITEA 2 AMALTHEA project (July 2011-April 2014) set about adapting existing development methods and tools
and creating a common model that offers the required description capabilities on different abstraction
levels. The follow-up project AMALTHEA4public (Sep 2014 - Aug 2017) was set up to foster the transfer into
application and to create a sustainable open ("public") platform and a vibrant community of users and
contributors. For this, the official Eclipse project APP4MC ("Application Platform Project for MultiCore")
was created in 2015.
The project involved 25 partners from 6 countries, including some industrial and academic members from the
UsiXML End User Club. This consortium facilitated a challenging design and development process to enable the
production of realistic and complex industrial applications.
Platform for multi-core software and hardware modelling
One of the major achievements of the AMALTHEA consortium, consisting of
15 partners from Finland, Germany and
Turkey, was a common meta-model for multi-core software and hardware modelling that enables integration of
heterogeneous tools in a custom tool chain to gain easy and efficient access to the overall characteristics
of a multi-core system. The AMALTHEA platform is
distributed under the Eclipse open source licence (EPL) and
allows efficient data exchange between different cooperating companies but also between different (new
and/or existing) tools used by a single organisation.
The AMALTHEA model was taken to a next level by the AMALTHEA4public consortium, comprising 20 partners from
Germany, Spain, Sweden and Turkey, by adding additional features like verification and test generation as
well as traceability of requirements.
In 2015 the AMALTHEA4public framework was moved
to the newly created open source project Eclipse APP4MC, an
open
tool platform for modelling, analysis and optimisation of embedded multi- and many-core software
(www.eclipse.org/app4mc/). APP4MC was created by AMALTHEA4public project participants
Robert Bosch GmbH,
itemis
AG, Timing Architects Embedded Systems GmbH, Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts and Eclipse
Foundation Europe GmbH. In 2016 a second Eclipse project Capra (www.eclipse.org/capra/) was created. It
contains
the traceability management tools mainly contributed by the Swedish AMALTHEA4publicpartners.
Furthermore,
community building is ongoing via the Eclipse Open Source network. This has led to a healthy community of
currently 12 committers, 9 contributors and hundreds of users. A three-month release cycle has been
established
to keep the software and data model up to date. Users worldwide downloaded each release several hundred
times.
Lubricating the links in the automotive supply chain
AMALTHEA4public partners AVL, BHTC and
Bosch demonstrated the applicability of the project's
results in industry in several projects incorporating different companies. The AMALTHEAdata
model or platform is currently in use with some major automotive vendors coming from several
countries in the world. For example, BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen and PSA use the format and the
APP4MC platform in cooperation with their tool vendors and tier suppliers.
The Bosch internal tooling for embedded multi-core is based on the AMALTHEA model as a central
component. Several tools are extracting information, e.g. from source code or event traces.
Bosch uses the consolidated model as input for (commercial and in-house) tools and to exchange
timing information with customers. Bosch intends to publish some tools as open source to further
support the APP4MC platform. The source code analysis tool "SCA2AMALTHEA" was the first
contribution of that kind in August 2017.
Dr. Michael Deubzer (Co-Founder and CEO of Timing-Architects Embedded Systems GmbH, now part of
Vector Informatik) states: "AMALTHEA is the ideal format solution for many of our customers
working
with software modelling for real-time analysis. The Eclipse Framework APP4MC offers AMALTHEA
users
an easy start and supports the first steps on the path of introducing model-based timing
analysis
with well-developed and maintained basic functions, such as Import/Export APIs. The easy
connection
of market-proven tools, the possibility to extend it with specially developed plugins, as well
as
the possibility to connect in-house or unsupported 3rd party tools via the open interface by
yourself, make APP4MC a practical basic framework for future-oriented software development. Some
of
our well-known automotive OEM and TIER1 customers have now set AMALTHEA as the internal Group
standard for modelling the dynamic software architecture of ECUs."
Furthermore, in the official proceedings of the ERTS 2016
(http://web1.see.asso.fr/erts2016/uploads/pdf/erts_2016_Proceedings.pdf),
Volkswagen/Audi and
Continental published the article "Shared SW development in multi-core automotive context" in
which
AMALTHEA was promoted as a collaboration model between OEM and TIER-1. According to the
proceedings,
compared to ASAM-MDX and AUTOSAR, the AMALTHEA format (v1.1.1) adds features and more support
for
the dynamic description of the software. It extends the architecture and timing requirements and
gives possibilities to describe more technical design properties, for example of the target
platform
with its hardware or the operating system. For use cases like software simulation and
partitioning
of the software in multi-core context, this is advisable. This format is suitable for the
exchange
of complete system description typically generated from the TIER-1 side, which is responsible
for
the integration.
Real-world automotive benchmarks for free
Due to its open nature, universities are able to use APP4MC successfully in teaching. For example,
FH
Dortmund organised several APP4MC-focused summer schools. In addition, several Master and PhD theses
were conducted in the context of APP4MC at FH Dortmund, Fraunhofer IEM, University of Gothenburg,
and
Paderborn University. Furthermore, the project also provided the opportunity for about 60 students
to
use their expertise in the industry. Some 8 students involved in the project were directly hired by
industry companies to ramp up and enhance their know-how in multi- and many- core performance and
work
in close cooperation with the Eclipse APP4MC developer team.
The introduction of multi-core systems strongly increased the problem space for timing analysis. In
the
last decade there has been a divergence between academic research and industrial practice because of
the
absence of realistic benchmarks, mainly due to intellectual property (IP) concerns. Meanwhile, with
the
help of the AMALTHEA format, real-world benchmarks are available and the exchange between research
and
industry is alive and ongoing. In 2016 and 2017 Bosch provided the problem description for the
"Formal
Methods for Timing Verification" (FMTV) Challenges as AMALTHEA models. The results were presented at
international workshops at the ECRTS conferences (waters2017.inria.fr/challenge/).
A fundamental cooperation between academic and industry has been built to master the imminent
performance challenges within the new EE architectures. Thereby, the AMALTHEA and AMALTHEA4public
projects contribute to the training of future specialist and managers.
AMALTHEA and its successor projects have shown how an idea for a narrow application (timing analysis
of
multi-core automotive and telecom systems at some companies) can become an extensive application in
many
core systems for the most diverse applications in a big number of companies. And still a third
dimension
is the development and use by a project consortium towards publication as an open source project and
thus further development and use by every possible company.
